Archaeologists Unearthed a 2,200-Year-Old Bone. They Say It Could Be the First Direct Evidence of Hannibal’s Legendary War Elephants Skip to main content A painting by Henri-Paul Motte depicts Carthaginians using elephants during the Battle of Zama in North Africa, which Rome won, ending the Second Punic War. Public domain via Wikimedia Commons In 2019, archaeologists unearthed a strange bone alongside a trove of ancient catapult projectiles in Córdoba, Spain. According to a study published this month in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports , the bone may be from one of Hannibal ’s war elephants, which the Carthaginian general used against Romans in the Second Punic War . The bone “could prove to be a landmark,” lead author Rafael Martínez Sánchez , an archaeologist at the University of Cordoba, tells Live Science ’s Tom Metcalfe. Until now, “there has been no direct archaeological testimony for the use of these animals.” The dig was conducted ahead of construction for a medical facility on the Colina de los Quemados archaeological site. Archaeologists documented evidence of occupation at the site across hundreds of years beginning around the Late Bronze Age. However, their most intriguing discoveries date to the late Iron Age . A second-century Roman mosaic of a war elephant in Tunisia DeAgostini / Getty Images Along with stone artillery and coins, researchers unearthed a “short, cube-shaped bone,” measuring nearly four inches long. Eventually, they determined that the bone likely came from the right leg of an African or Asian elephant. “It could belong to the period of the Punic Wars,” Martínez Sánchez told El Pais ’ Vicente G. Olaya in 2023. “It could be the first of Hannibal’s elephants to be discovered. We can’t know for sure, but it was certainly a sizable beast.” In the years since, researchers have continued studying the bone. Because it is poorly preserved, DNA and protein analyses have proved inconclusive. The species of elephant also remains unconfirmed . However, after radiocarbon testing, researchers were able to conclude that the elephant died between the fourth and third centuries B.C.E. The Secret to Controlling Hannibal’s War Elephants | Secrets of the Dead on PBS Watch on This timeline aligns with the Second Punic War , which occurred in the third century B.C.E. This conflict was part of the series of wars between Rome and Carthage , an ancient city in modern-day Tunisia. Study co-author Agustín López Jiménez , an expert at the archaeology company Arqueobética , which excavated the site, told El Pais that researchers found the elephant foot bone beneath some collapsed adobe walls dating to around the third century B.C.E. According to the study, the same area revealed 12 three-pound stone balls, which were “unquestionably artillery projectiles for lithoboloi ,” a kind of catapult. Quick facts: War elephants in antiquity After facing war elephants in modern-day Pakistan in 326 B.C.E., Alexander the Great brought some of

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